大之至者谓之元-闲话元朝往事,在线阅读,古代 班布尔汗,小说txt下载

时间:2017-08-10 03:25 /玄幻小说 / 编辑:包恩
《大之至者谓之元-闲话元朝往事》里面的主角是成宗,汗国,伯颜,本小说的作者是班布尔汗,小说精彩内容: As to your entreaty to send one of your nationals to be accredited to my Celest...

大之至者谓之元-闲话元朝往事

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《大之至者谓之元-闲话元朝往事》第38篇

As to your entreaty to send one of your nationals to be accredited to my Celestial Court and to be in control of your country's trade with China, this request is contrary to all usage of my dynasty and cannot possibly be entertained. It is true that Europeans, in the service of the dynasty, have been permitted to live at Peking, but they are compelled to adopt Chinese dress, they are strictly confined to their own precincts and are never permitted to return home. You are presumably familiar with our dynastic regulations. Your proposed Envoy to my Court could not be placed in a position similar to that of European officials in Peking who are forbidden to leave China, nor could he, on the other hand, be allowed liberty of movement and the privilege of corresponding with his own country; so that you would gain nothing by his residence in our midst.

且天朝所管地方至为广远,凡外藩使臣到京,驿馆供给,行止出入,俱有一定制,从无听其自之例。今尔国若留人在京,言语不通,饰殊制,无地可以安置。若必似来京当差之西洋人,令其一律改易饰,天朝亦不肯强人以所难。设天朝差人常驻尔国,亦岂尔国所能遵行?况西洋诸国甚多,非止尔一国。若俱似尔国王恳请派人留京,岂能一一听许?是此事断断难行。岂能因尔国王一人之请,以至更张天朝百余年法度。若云尔国王为照料买卖起见,则尔国人在澳门贸易非止一,原无不加以恩视。即如从博尔都噶尔亚(葡萄牙),意达哩亚等国屡次遣使来朝,亦曾以照料贸易为请。天朝鉴其悃忱,优加恤。凡遇该国等贸易之事,无不照料周备。次广东商人吴昭平有拖欠洋船价值银两者,俱饬令该管总督由官库内先行支帑项代为清还,并将拖欠商人重治其罪。想此事尔国亦闻知矣。外国又何必派人留京,为此越例断不可行之请,况留人在京,距澳门贸易处所几及万里,伊亦何能照料耶?

Moreover, our Celestial dynasty possesses vast territories, and tribute missions from the dependencies are provided for by the Department for Tributary States, which ministers to their wants and exercises strict control over their movements. It would be quite impossible to leave them to their own devices. Supposing that your Envoy should come to our Court, his language and national dress differ from that of our people, and there would be no place in which to bestow him. It may be suggested that he might imitate the Europeans permanently resident in Peking and adopt the dress and customs of China, but, it has never been our dynasty's wish to force people to do things unseemly and inconvenient. Besides, supposing I sent an Ambassador to reside in your country, how could you possibly make for him the requisite arrangements? Europe consists of many other nations besides your own: if each and all demanded to be represented at our Court, how could we possibly consent? The thing is utterly impracticable. How can our dynasty alter its whole procedure and system of etiquette, established for more than a century, in order to meet your individual views? If it be said that your object is to exercise control over your country's trade, your nationals have had full liberty to trade at Canton for many a year, and have received the greatest consideration at our hands. Missions have been sent by Portugal and Italy, preferring similar requests. The Throne appreciated their sincerity and loaded them with favours, besides authorising measures to facilitate their trade with China. You are no doubt aware that, when my Canton merchant, Wu Chaoping, was in debt to the foreign ships, I made the Viceroy advance the monies due, out of the provincial treasury, and ordered him to punish the culprit severely. Why then should foreign nations advance this utterly unreasonable request to be represented at my Court? Peking is nearly two thousand miles from Canton, and at such a distance what possible control could any British representative exercise?

若云仰慕天朝,其观习化,则天朝自有天朝礼法,与尔国各不相同。尔国所留之人即能习学,尔国自有风俗制度,亦断不能效法中国,即学会亦属无用。

If you assert that your reverence for Our Celestial dynasty fills you with a desire to acquire our civilization, our ceremonies and code of laws differ so completely from your own that, even if your Envoy were able to acquire the rudiments of our civilization, you could not possibly transplant our manners and customs to your alien soil. Therefore, however adept the Envoy might become, nothing would be gained thereby.

天朝有四海,惟励精图治,办理政务,奇珍异,并不贵重。尔国王此次赍各物,念其诚心远献,特谕该管衙门收纳。其实天朝德威远被,万国来王,种种贵重之物,梯航毕集,无所不有。尔之正使等所见。然从不贵奇巧,并无更需尔国制办物件。是尔国王所请派人留京一事,于天朝制既属不,而于尔国亦殊觉无益。特此详晰开示,遣令该使等安程回国。尔国王惟当善朕意,益励款诚。永矢恭顺,以保义尔有邦,共享太平之福。除正副使臣以下各官及通事兵役人等正贯加赏各物件另单赏给外,兹因尔国使臣归国,特颁敕谕,并赐赍尔国王文绮珍物,如常仪。加赐彩缎罗绮,文诸珍,另有清单,王其祗受,悉朕眷怀。特此敕谕。”

Swaying the wide world, I have but one aim in view, namely, to maintain a perfect governance and to fulfil the duties of the State: strange and costly objects do not interest me. If I have commanded that the tribute offerings sent by you, O King, are to be accepted, this was solely in consideration for the spirit which prompted you to dispatch them from afar. Our dynasty's majestic virtue has penetrated unto every country under Heaven, and Kings of all nations have offered their costly tribute by land and sea. As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures. This then is my answer to your request to appoint a representative at my Court, a request contrary to our dynastic usage, which would only result in inconvenience to yourself. I have expounded my wishes in detail and have commanded your tribute Envoys to leave in peace on their homeward journey. It behoves you, O King, to respect my sentiments and to display even greater devotion and loyalty in future, so that, by perpetual submission to our Throne, you may secure peace and prosperity for your country hereafter. Besides making gifts (of which I enclose an inventory) to each member of your Mission, I confer upon you, O King, valuable presents in excess of the number usually bestowed on such occasions, including silks and curios-a list of which is likewise enclosed. Do you reverently receive them and take note of my tender goodwill towards you! A special mandate.

马戛尔尼非常失望地离开了中国,他没想到是这样的结果。他的结论是:中华帝国只是一艘破败不堪的旧船,只是幸运地有了几位谨慎的船才使它在近150年内没有沉没。只需几艘三桅战舰,中国就会分崩离析。一个民族不则退。

通过两国君主这次短暂的接触,可以看到英王乔治三世和乾隆这两位君主的截然不同。乔治三世也自诩为“奉天承运”“拥有本国已经足以足一切需要的非常广大领土”的君主,但是,他的志向是“促使全人类同受其惠”;而乾隆则自夸天朝大皇帝,和立宪君主乔治三世,实在是不可同而语。

乔治三世去世仅二十年,英国的舰打开了封闭落的清帝国的大门。

乔治三世是一个善良的人,在英国历史上以英明仁慈著称,他生活简朴,但是,汉诺威朝子斗的传统在他和他的儿子们之间也发生了作用,他管儿子甚严,而他的子小乔治偏偏是个生活放不羁的人,这子俩格格不入,儿子对老子有强烈的逆反心理,乔治三世很是看不起他这个儿子,而小乔治也经常和老子争吵。

乔治三世50岁以,即1788年以,开始有精神错症状发作,曾发作过五次,现在的一些研究人员认为他得的是卟啉症。1810年,乔治三世最心的小女儿阿米莉公主去世,1811年,乔治三世旧病复发,1811年以,即乔治三世的最十年,英国议会通过决议,决定由乔治三世的子,威尔士王小乔治摄政,此时正是拿破仑帝国的极盛期,而此时的乔治三世已又聋又瞎,生活极为苦,还遭受着妄想症的折磨。在乔治王子摄政期间,1815年,英国取得了反法战争的最胜利。

1820年,乔治三世去世,年八十一岁。与东方大清帝国的乾隆一样,乔治三世也是统治时间最的君主之一。

在乔治三世统治时期,十八世纪中叶,英国纺织机械的发明和瓦特蒸气机的发明,使得英国开始了工业革命,而英国战胜拿破仑帝国,则使得英国成为世界上最强大的国家之一,并且朝着世界霸主的峰迈,称霸世界的第二大英帝国,就要出现了。

【正文】

被限制,国土被分割,但作为国王的元宗倒是终于摆脱了数十年的武人权臣政,成为了真正的掌权者,当然以我国历史惯用的说法,是“元朝在高丽的代理人”了。

至元十二年(1275年),元宗还都开京,高丽完全依附元朝。忽必烈命令高丽更改官职爵号,也就是官职爵位的名称都要相对元朝降一级,例如尚书省和中书省改为佥议府,枢密院改为密直司,御史台改为检察司,吏部和礼部改 为典理司,刑部改为典法司,侍中改为中赞,平章事改为赞成事。国王的自称由“朕”改为“孤”, “宣旨”改为“王旨”,臣子对国王的奏疏由“奏”改为“呈”,臣子对国王的称呼由 “陛下”改为“殿下”,国王储君的名称由“太子”改为“世子”。而最让高丽人难以接受的,恐怕就是废止了高丽的庙号制度,以的“某某宗”是不许再用了,国王庙号都要改为“忠某某王”、“恭某某王”,例如“忠烈王”、“忠宣王”、“忠惠王”、“恭憨王”等等。这些庙号充了藩属之国的低眉顺目,活着窝囊了也窝囊,所以高丽人在暗地里还是给自己的国王上“某某宗”的庙号。

一切似乎都平静了下来,藩属的份确定了,国王的权确定了,被分割的疆土一时也收不回来,作为高丽国王,元宗似乎没事情还需要心了。

但元宗不这么想,什么都确定了吗?高丽王朝的安全可还没有确定呢。朝廷大臣,其是武将,反元情绪十分高涨,高丽的老百姓也不平静,一旦哪天再来个反元的政或者董沦,且不说自己这个国王会首异处,高丽王朝恐怕也要社稷为墟了。何况,经过“林衍之”,忽必烈对高丽的好印象大打折扣,现在有了个“高丽达鲁花赤”,说不定哪天皇帝一不高兴废了高丽国号——这可谁也不能担保不会发生的。

怎样才能既制国内又让元朝有所顾忌呢?那就只能和元朝成为一家人,就像那些蒙古国一样,对内,可以不再有“高”的恶名,对外,皇帝总不好对家里人无端发难。

于是,元宗从至元八年开始(1271年),的向元朝“婚”,希望忽必烈把公主嫁给自己的世子王愖。忽必烈本不想答应,高丽叛附无常,自己把女儿嫁过去,万一有什么故,不就成了人质?而高丽世子已经三十多岁,早已经娶妻,并不是公主偶的适人选。何况,以都是蒙古帝国和元朝向高丽要美女,现在却把自己的女儿过去,总觉不太对

但忽必烈毕竟是一代雄主,考虑问题还是要从政治着眼,随着高丽局食碰趋稳定,更是考虑到嫁公主过去对于安高丽所能起到的巨大作用,终于还是同意了高丽的婚,答应把自己的小女儿齐国公主忽都鲁揭里迷失下嫁高丽世子王愖。可此时齐国公主才十三岁,直到三年,也就是至元十一年五月,才将成年的女儿嫁到高丽和三十九岁的王愖成婚。

这桩婚姻的成功,了却了高丽元宗的最心事,老国王终于不必再心了。儿子和新儿媳婚礼举行仅一个多月,高丽元宗王禃病逝,世子王愖继位,是为高丽忠烈王。

当年还是太子的王倎选择了效忠于忽必烈,换来了免除惩罚和国祚延续,在去世又让自己成了忽必烈的家,一举让高丽的地位有了显著提高。

经过“林衍之”,忽必烈在高丽设置了达鲁花赤,既监督高丽国王,也手高丽国政,类似于本在“洲国皇帝”溥仪边设置的“御用挂”,那是完全不把高丽国王当回事,以宗主国大臣的份对国王颐指气使,巧取豪夺。而从忠烈王开始,因为成为忽必烈的女婿,国王印信成为“驸马高丽国王”,臣仆之国的君主一下子成了主子,达鲁花赤再跋扈也不敢对主子无礼,百炼钢立即为绕指度谦恭有礼起来。例如第三任高丽达鲁花赤黑的,在王愖还没有和齐国公主成婚时已经谨小慎微,一次接受元宗宴请时,元宗请其上座,黑的连忙推辞:“现在皇上的女儿已经许给太子了,您就是皇帝驸马大王的幅当,我们是皇帝的臣子,怎么敢违礼呢?大王向西坐,我们就向北坐;大王向南坐,我们就向东坐。”一定要坐到元宗的下首。

忠烈王之,高丽又有共有九位国王,依次为忠宣王、忠肃王、忠惠王、忠穆王、忠定王、恭愍王、废王、废王和恭让王。其中,除了忠穆王和忠定王在位时过于年,不宜娶妻,废王、废王和恭让王在位时期元朝已经薄西山、行将就木外,其他几位国王娶的都是元朝的公主,其中忠肃王因多次丧偶,谴初莹娶了3位元朝公主,以“一个女婿半个儿”标准,成为了元朝皇帝的一个半儿子。

不过,忽必烈以的元朝皇帝,也学会了汉、唐皇帝的“不厚”传统,嫁给高丽的公主,都不再是自己的生女儿,而是宗室之女,但在名义上,高丽国王的“驸马”还算是真金银,各种好处也随之而来。

至元十五年(1278年),忠烈王带着新媳齐国公主到元朝省,趁着老泰山忽必烈高兴,提出废除“高丽达鲁花赤”,这要是在过去,一定会被看作是“不臣”之举,而现在的忽必烈却当做给新女婿的礼物,一允准了。

在“林衍之”中被元朝划为东宁府的高丽西京是高丽降人献给元朝的,算不得“非法侵占”,谈不上归还。但在至元二十六年(1289年),忠烈王奏请归还西京,忽必烈本着都是一家人,谁管都一样的度,同意所奏。

到了忠烈王晚年,最放心不下的就是“林衍之”时被元朝直辖的另一块疆土——耽罗岛。可也不好意思总是向老丈人提要,一直等到忽必烈驾崩,元成宗继位,忠烈王趁着登基之喜,向侄子元成宗提出收回耽罗岛的请,元成宗自然不好驳姑的面子,将耽罗归还高丽。

当初高丽的国者们血奋战,使得这些领土归了元朝,而忠烈王这位标准“高”却使得这些领土回归。作为国家,究竟是面子重要还是里子重要,这真是永远无法讨论明的话题。

【正文】

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大之至者谓之元-闲话元朝往事

大之至者谓之元-闲话元朝往事

作者:班布尔汗 类型:玄幻小说 完结: 是

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